Tema 4 - Fundamentos de linux
Computer Hardware Review
- Processors (Procesadores)
- Memory (Memoria)
- Disks (Discos)
- Tapes (Cintas)
- I/O Devices (Dispositivos de E/S)
- Buses
- Booting the computer (Arranque de la computadora)
The operating system zoo
- Mainframe Operating Systems
- Server Operating Systems
- Multiprocessor Operating Systems
- Personal Computer Operating Systems
- Handheld Operating Systems (de bolsillo)
- Embedded Operating Systems (integrados)
- Sensor Node Operating Systems (nodos sensores)
- Real-Time Operating Systems (en tiempo real)
- Smart Card Operating Systems (tarjetas inteligentes)
Operating systems concepts
- Processes (Procesos)
- Address spaces (Espacios de direcciones)
- Files (Archivos)
- Input/output (Entrada/Salida)
- Protection (Protección)
- The shell (Concha)
System calls (Llamadas al sistema)
- System calls for process management (para la administración de procesos)
- System calls for file management (para la administración de archivos)
- System calls for directory management (para la administración de directorios)
- Miscellaneous system calls (Miscelánea de llamadas al sistema)
- The windows Win32 API (La API Win32 de Windows)
Operating system structure
- Monolihtic systems (Sistemas monolíticos)
- Layered systems (Sistema de capas)
- Microkernels
- Client-Server Model (Modelo cliente-servidor)
- Virtual Machines (Máquinas virtuales)
- Exokernels
An Introduction to UNIX, Linux and GNU
The next information is taken of "Beginning Linux Programming"
First, we need to know what is a KERNEL?: Kernel es un núcleo o kernel (de la raíz germánica Kern, núcleo, hueso) es un software que constituye una parte fundamental del sistema operativo, y se define como la parte que se ejecuta en modo privilegiado (conocido también como modo núcleo).
In recent years Linux has become a phenomenon. We've lost count of the number of applications that have been made available on Linux and the number of organizations that have adopted it, including some governament departaments and city administrations. Major hardware vendors like IBM and DELL now support Linux, and major software vendors like Orcale support their software running on Linux. Linux truly has become a viable operating system, especially in the server market.
What is UNIX?
The UNIX operating system was originally developed at Bell Laboratories, once part of the telecommunications giant AT&T. Designed in the 1970s for Digital Equipment PDP computers, UNIX has become a very popular multiuser, multiasking operating system for a wide variety of hardware plataforms, from PC workstations to multiprocessor server and supercomputers.
UNIX Philosophy
- Simplicity
- Focus
- Reusable components
- Filters
- Open file formats
- Flexibility
What is Linux?
As you may already know, Linux is a freely distributed implementation of UNIX-like kernel, the lowlevel core of an operating system. Becouse Linux takes the UNIX system as its inspiration, Linux and UNIX programs are very similar. In fact, almost all programs written for UNIX can be compiled and run on Linux. Also, some commercial applications sold for commercial versions of UNIX can run unchanged in binary form on Linux systems.
Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki, with the help of UNIX programmers from across the internet. It began as a hobby inspired by Andy Tanenbaum's Minix, a small UNIX like system, but has grown to become a complete system in its own right. The intention is that the Linux kernel will not incorporate proprietary code but will contain nothing but freely distributable code.
Versions of Linux are now available for a wide variety of computer systems using many differents types of CPUs, including PCs bases on 32-bit and 64-bit Intel x86 and compatible processors, workstations and servers using Sun SPARC, IBM PowerPC, AMD Opteron, and Intel.
The GNU project and the free software foundation
The Linux community (together with others) supports the concept of free software, that is, software that is free from restrictions, subject tto the GNU Generic Public License (the name GNU stands for the recursive GNU's Not Unix). Although there may be a cost inbolved in obtaining the software, it can thereafter be used in any way desired and is usually distributed in source form.
The Free Software Foundation was set up by Richard Stallman, the author of GNU EMacs, one of the best-known text editors for UNIX and others systems. Stallman is a pioneer of the free software concept and started the GNU Project, an attempt to create an operating system and development enviroment that would be compatible with UNIX, but not suffer the restrictions of the properietary UNIX name and source code. GNU may one day trun out be very different from UNIX in the way it handles the hardware and manages running programs, but it will support UNIX-style applications. You can find a copy of the license at http://gnu.org
ACTIVIDAD 4.1
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